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3 Strong Argumentative Essay Examples, Analyzed

General Education

Need to defend your opinion on an issue? Argumentative essays are one of the most popular types of essays you’ll write in school. They combine persuasive arguments with fact-based research, and, when done well, can be powerful tools for making someone agree with your point of view. If you’re struggling to write an argumentative essay or just want to learn more about them, seeing examples can be a big help.

After giving an overview of this type of essay, we provide three argumentative essay examples. After each essay, we explain in-depth how the essay was structured, what worked, and where the essay could be improved. We end with tips for making your own argumentative essay as strong as possible.

What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is an essay that uses evidence and facts to support the claim it’s making. Its purpose is to persuade the reader to agree with the argument being made.

A good argumentative essay will use facts and evidence to support the argument, rather than just the author’s thoughts and opinions. For example, say you wanted to write an argumentative essay stating that Charleston, SC is a great destination for families. You couldn’t just say that it’s a great place because you took your family there and enjoyed it. For it to be an argumentative essay, you need to have facts and data to support your argument, such as the number of child-friendly attractions in Charleston, special deals you can get with kids, and surveys of people who visited Charleston as a family and enjoyed it. The first argument is based entirely on feelings, whereas the second is based on evidence that can be proven.

The standard five paragraph format is common, but not required, for argumentative essays. These essays typically follow one of two formats: the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model.

• The Toulmin model is the most common. It begins with an introduction, follows with a thesis/claim, and gives data and evidence to support that claim. This style of essay also includes rebuttals of counterarguments.
• The Rogerian model analyzes two sides of an argument and reaches a conclusion after weighing the strengths and weaknesses of each.

3 Good Argumentative Essay Examples + Analysis

Below are three examples of argumentative essays, written by yours truly in my school days, as well as analysis of what each did well and where it could be improved.

Argumentative Essay Example 1

Proponents of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book; they can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books; they can simply rent out as many digital copies as they need.

However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets. First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet vs book reading found that people read 20-30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause numerous health problems, including blurred vision, dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, and eye strain, at much higher instances than reading print does. People who use tablets and mobile devices excessively also have a higher incidence of more serious health issues such as fibromyalgia, shoulder and back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and muscle strain. I know that whenever I read from my e-reader for too long, my eyes begin to feel tired and my neck hurts. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens.

Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving people a way to converse with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs, answering patron questions, and keeping the community connected. One neighborhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times for toddlers and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a Pew survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer nearly as well or as easily.

While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the myriad issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by a simple object.

The author begins by giving an overview of the counter-argument, then the thesis appears as the first sentence in the third paragraph. The essay then spends the rest of the paper dismantling the counter argument and showing why readers should believe the other side.

What this essay does well:

• Although it’s a bit unusual to have the thesis appear fairly far into the essay, it works because, once the thesis is stated, the rest of the essay focuses on supporting it since the counter-argument has already been discussed earlier in the paper.
• This essay includes numerous facts and cites studies to support its case. By having specific data to rely on, the author’s argument is stronger and readers will be more inclined to agree with it.
• For every argument the other side makes, the author makes sure to refute it and follow up with why her opinion is the stronger one. In order to make a strong argument, it’s important to dismantle the other side, which this essay does this by making the author's view appear stronger.
• This is a shorter paper, and if it needed to be expanded to meet length requirements, it could include more examples and go more into depth with them, such as by explaining specific cases where people benefited from local libraries.
• Additionally, while the paper uses lots of data, the author also mentions their own experience with using tablets. This should be removed since argumentative essays focus on facts and data to support an argument, not the author’s own opinion or experiences. Replacing that with more data on health issues associated with screen time would strengthen the essay.
• Some of the points made aren't completely accurate , particularly the one about digital books being cheaper. It actually often costs a library more money to rent out numerous digital copies of a book compared to buying a single physical copy. Make sure in your own essay you thoroughly research each of the points and rebuttals you make, otherwise you'll look like you don't know the issue that well.

Argumentative Essay Example 2

There are multiple drugs available to treat malaria, and many of them work well and save lives, but malaria eradication programs that focus too much on them and not enough on prevention haven’t seen long-term success in Sub-Saharan Africa. A major program to combat malaria was WHO’s Global Malaria Eradication Programme. Started in 1955, it had a goal of eliminating malaria in Africa within the next ten years. Based upon previously successful programs in Brazil and the United States, the program focused mainly on vector control. This included widely distributing chloroquine and spraying large amounts of DDT. More than one billion dollars was spent trying to abolish malaria. However, the program suffered from many problems and in 1969, WHO was forced to admit that the program had not succeeded in eradicating malaria. The number of people in Sub-Saharan Africa who contracted malaria as well as the number of malaria deaths had actually increased over 10% during the time the program was active.

One of the major reasons for the failure of the project was that it set uniform strategies and policies. By failing to consider variations between governments, geography, and infrastructure, the program was not nearly as successful as it could have been. Sub-Saharan Africa has neither the money nor the infrastructure to support such an elaborate program, and it couldn’t be run the way it was meant to. Most African countries don't have the resources to send all their people to doctors and get shots, nor can they afford to clear wetlands or other malaria prone areas. The continent’s spending per person for eradicating malaria was just a quarter of what Brazil spent. Sub-Saharan Africa simply can’t rely on a plan that requires more money, infrastructure, and expertise than they have to spare.

Additionally, the widespread use of chloroquine has created drug resistant parasites which are now plaguing Sub-Saharan Africa. Because chloroquine was used widely but inconsistently, mosquitoes developed resistance, and chloroquine is now nearly completely ineffective in Sub-Saharan Africa, with over 95% of mosquitoes resistant to it. As a result, newer, more expensive drugs need to be used to prevent and treat malaria, which further drives up the cost of malaria treatment for a region that can ill afford it.

Instead of developing plans to treat malaria after the infection has incurred, programs should focus on preventing infection from occurring in the first place. Not only is this plan cheaper and more effective, reducing the number of people who contract malaria also reduces loss of work/school days which can further bring down the productivity of the region.

One of the cheapest and most effective ways of preventing malaria is to implement insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs).  These nets provide a protective barrier around the person or people using them. While untreated bed nets are still helpful, those treated with insecticides are much more useful because they stop mosquitoes from biting people through the nets, and they help reduce mosquito populations in a community, thus helping people who don’t even own bed nets.  Bed nets are also very effective because most mosquito bites occur while the person is sleeping, so bed nets would be able to drastically reduce the number of transmissions during the night. In fact, transmission of malaria can be reduced by as much as 90% in areas where the use of ITNs is widespread. Because money is so scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa, the low cost is a great benefit and a major reason why the program is so successful. Bed nets cost roughly 2 USD to make, last several years, and can protect two adults. Studies have shown that, for every 100-1000 more nets are being used, one less child dies of malaria. With an estimated 300 million people in Africa not being protected by mosquito nets, there’s the potential to save three million lives by spending just a few dollars per person.

Reducing the number of people who contract malaria would also reduce poverty levels in Africa significantly, thus improving other aspects of society like education levels and the economy. Vector control is more effective than treatment strategies because it means fewer people are getting sick. When fewer people get sick, the working population is stronger as a whole because people are not put out of work from malaria, nor are they caring for sick relatives. Malaria-afflicted families can typically only harvest 40% of the crops that healthy families can harvest. Additionally, a family with members who have malaria spends roughly a quarter of its income treatment, not including the loss of work they also must deal with due to the illness. It’s estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion USD in lost income every year. A strong working population creates a stronger economy, which Sub-Saharan Africa is in desperate need of.  

This essay begins with an introduction, which ends with the thesis (that malaria eradication plans in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on prevention rather than treatment). The first part of the essay lays out why the counter argument (treatment rather than prevention) is not as effective, and the second part of the essay focuses on why prevention of malaria is the better path to take.

• The thesis appears early, is stated clearly, and is supported throughout the rest of the essay. This makes the argument clear for readers to understand and follow throughout the essay.
• There’s lots of solid research in this essay, including specific programs that were conducted and how successful they were, as well as specific data mentioned throughout. This evidence helps strengthen the author’s argument.
• The author makes a case for using expanding bed net use over waiting until malaria occurs and beginning treatment, but not much of a plan is given for how the bed nets would be distributed or how to ensure they’re being used properly. By going more into detail of what she believes should be done, the author would be making a stronger argument.
• The introduction of the essay does a good job of laying out the seriousness of the problem, but the conclusion is short and abrupt. Expanding it into its own paragraph would give the author a final way to convince readers of her side of the argument.

Argumentative Essay Example 3

There are many ways payments could work. They could be in the form of a free-market approach, where athletes are able to earn whatever the market is willing to pay them, it could be a set amount of money per athlete, or student athletes could earn income from endorsements, autographs, and control of their likeness, similar to the way top Olympians earn money.

Proponents of the idea believe that, because college athletes are the ones who are training, participating in games, and bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation for their work. If there were no college athletes, the NCAA wouldn’t exist, college coaches wouldn’t receive there (sometimes very high) salaries, and brands like Nike couldn’t profit from college sports. In fact, the NCAA brings in roughly $1 billion in revenue a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn pro as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract stating they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary.  

Supporters of this idea point to Zion Williamson, the Duke basketball superstar, who, during his freshman year, sustained a serious knee injury. Many argued that, even if he enjoyed playing for Duke, it wasn’t worth risking another injury and ending his professional career before it even began for a program that wasn’t paying him. Williamson seems to have agreed with them and declared his eligibility for the NCAA draft later that year. If he was being paid, he may have stayed at Duke longer. In fact, roughly a third of student athletes surveyed stated that receiving a salary while in college would make them “strongly consider” remaining collegiate athletes longer before turning pro.

Paying athletes could also stop the recruitment scandals that have plagued the NCAA. In 2018, the NCAA stripped the University of Louisville's men's basketball team of its 2013 national championship title because it was discovered coaches were using sex workers to entice recruits to join the team. There have been dozens of other recruitment scandals where college athletes and recruits have been bribed with anything from having their grades changed, to getting free cars, to being straight out bribed. By paying college athletes and putting their salaries out in the open, the NCAA could end the illegal and underhanded ways some schools and coaches try to entice athletes to join.

People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. By paying athletes, they argue, they’d turn college sports into a bidding war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and the majority of schools would be shut out from developing a talented team (though some argue this already happens because the best players often go to the most established college sports programs, who typically pay their coaches millions of dollars per year). It could also ruin the tight camaraderie of many college teams if players become jealous that certain teammates are making more money than they are.

They also argue that paying college athletes actually means only a small fraction would make significant money. Out of the 350 Division I athletic departments, fewer than a dozen earn any money. Nearly all the money the NCAA makes comes from men’s football and basketball, so paying college athletes would make a small group of men--who likely will be signed to pro teams and begin making millions immediately out of college--rich at the expense of other players.

Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes already receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year, they receive free food/housing/textbooks, have access to top medical care if they are injured, receive top coaching, get travel perks and free gear, and can use their time in college as a way to capture the attention of professional recruiters. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools.

People on this side also point out that, while the NCAA brings in a massive amount of money each year, it is still a non-profit organization. How? Because over 95% of those profits are redistributed to its members’ institutions in the form of scholarships, grants, conferences, support for Division II and Division III teams, and educational programs. Taking away a significant part of that revenue would hurt smaller programs that rely on that money to keep running.

While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes spend a significant amount of time and energy playing for their school, but they are compensated for it by the scholarships and perks they receive. Adding a salary to that would result in a college athletic system where only a small handful of athletes (those likely to become millionaires in the professional leagues) are paid by a handful of schools who enter bidding wars to recruit them, while the majority of student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the current level of benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible.

This argumentative essay follows the Rogerian model. It discusses each side, first laying out multiple reasons people believe student athletes should be paid, then discussing reasons why the athletes shouldn’t be paid. It ends by stating that college athletes shouldn’t be paid by arguing that paying them would destroy college athletics programs and cause them to have many of the issues professional sports leagues have.

• Both sides of the argument are well developed, with multiple reasons why people agree with each side. It allows readers to get a full view of the argument and its nuances.
• Certain statements on both sides are directly rebuffed in order to show where the strengths and weaknesses of each side lie and give a more complete and sophisticated look at the argument.
• Using the Rogerian model can be tricky because oftentimes you don’t explicitly state your argument until the end of the paper. Here, the thesis doesn’t appear until the first sentence of the final paragraph. That doesn’t give readers a lot of time to be convinced that your argument is the right one, compared to a paper where the thesis is stated in the beginning and then supported throughout the paper. This paper could be strengthened if the final paragraph was expanded to more fully explain why the author supports the view, or if the paper had made it clearer that paying athletes was the weaker argument throughout.

3 Tips for Writing a Good Argumentative Essay

Now that you’ve seen examples of what good argumentative essay samples look like, follow these three tips when crafting your own essay.

#1: Make Your Thesis Crystal Clear

The thesis is the key to your argumentative essay; if it isn’t clear or readers can’t find it easily, your entire essay will be weak as a result. Always make sure that your thesis statement is easy to find. The typical spot for it is the final sentence of the introduction paragraph, but if it doesn’t fit in that spot for your essay, try to at least put it as the first or last sentence of a different paragraph so it stands out more.

Also make sure that your thesis makes clear what side of the argument you’re on. After you’ve written it, it’s a great idea to show your thesis to a couple different people--classmates are great for this. Just by reading your thesis they should be able to understand what point you’ll be trying to make with the rest of your essay.

#2: Show Why the Other Side Is Weak

When writing your essay, you may be tempted to ignore the other side of the argument and just focus on your side, but don’t do this. The best argumentative essays really tear apart the other side to show why readers shouldn’t believe it. Before you begin writing your essay, research what the other side believes, and what their strongest points are. Then, in your essay, be sure to mention each of these and use evidence to explain why they’re incorrect/weak arguments. That’ll make your essay much more effective than if you only focused on your side of the argument.

#3: Use Evidence to Support Your Side

Remember, an essay can’t be an argumentative essay if it doesn’t support its argument with evidence. For every point you make, make sure you have facts to back it up. Some examples are previous studies done on the topic, surveys of large groups of people, data points, etc. There should be lots of numbers in your argumentative essay that support your side of the argument. This will make your essay much stronger compared to only relying on your own opinions to support your argument.

Summary: Argumentative Essay Sample

Argumentative essays are persuasive essays that use facts and evidence to support their side of the argument. Most argumentative essays follow either the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model. By reading good argumentative essay examples, you can learn how to develop your essay and provide enough support to make readers agree with your opinion. When writing your essay, remember to always make your thesis clear, show where the other side is weak, and back up your opinion with data and evidence.

What's Next?

Do you need to write an argumentative essay as well? Check out our guide on the best argumentative essay topics for ideas!

You'll probably also need to write research papers for school. We've got you covered with 113 potential topics for research papers.

Your college admissions essay may end up being one of the most important essays you write. Follow our step-by-step guide on writing a personal statement to have an essay that'll impress colleges.

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Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Tips & Examples

Want to learn how to write an argumentative essay? This guide will walk you through creating a strong thesis, finding credible evidence, and addressing counterarguments. By the end of the article, you'll be equipped with everything you need to write a persuasive and well-structured argumentative essay.

Key Takeaways

• An argumentative essay requires a clear stance on a debatable topic, supported by structured arguments and credible evidence to persuade the reader.
• Key elements include a strong thesis statement, relevant supporting evidence, and the effective addressing of counterarguments to enhance the overall argument.
• The writing process includes the following stages: brainstorming, drafting, revising, and utilizing grammar tools to refine clarity and ensure persuasive communication.

Understanding Argumentative Essays

An argumentative essay is a type of academic writing that requires taking a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supporting it with structured arguments and evidence. Unlike expository essays, which aim to inform, argumentative essays focus on persuading the reader to accept a particular viewpoint. To effectively communicate your position, you should learn how to write an argumentative essay first. The primary goal is to convince the reader through logical reasoning and credible evidence.

The essence of an argumentative essay lies in its ability to present a clear and defendable position on an issue. This involves not just stating opinions but backing them up with facts, data, and expert opinions. Grounding arguments in evidence allows writers to make a compelling and difficult-to-refute case. This approach not only strengthens the argument but also enhances the writer's credibility.

Writing argumentative essays serves a dual purpose: it allows students to structure their thoughts and arguments logically and helps develop critical thinking skills. The process of crafting an argument, defending it, and addressing counterarguments teaches students to think deeply and critically about various issues. This skill is invaluable not only in academic settings but also in everyday decision-making and discussions.

Essential Elements of an Argumentative Essay

Understanding the essential elements is key to writing an effective argumentative essay. These include a clear thesis statement, supporting evidence, and the ability to address counterarguments. Each component plays a vital role in building a strong and persuasive argument.

Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

The thesis statement is the backbone of an argumentative essay. A weak thesis results in a weak essay, so the thesis statement must be clear and concise. A strong thesis should state a position that is specific, debatable, and can be supported with arguments and evidence. For instance, a thesis like "Malaria eradication plans should focus on prevention rather than treatment" clearly outlines the writer's stance and sets the stage for the entire essay.

Typically, the concise thesis statement appears as the final sentence of the introduction paragraph. This placement ensures that the reader understands the main argument right from the start.

Crafting a strong thesis involves thorough research and brainstorming to categorize ideas into a cohesive argument.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

Supporting evidence is the cornerstone of any argumentative essay. It relies on facts, studies, and data points rather than personal opinions. Credible evidence enhances the validity of an argument, making it more persuasive. This can include factual information, data, examples, and expert opinions.

When gathering evidence, it's essential to conduct extensive research and use reputable sources, including credible sources such as academic journals, empirical studies, and credible websites. Well-documented evidence lends credibility to the writer's position and strengthens the overall argument. For example, statistical data or findings from reputable studies can provide compelling support for your claims.

Ensuring that the evidence is relevant and directly supports your argument is crucial. Each piece of evidence should be carefully evaluated and integrated into the essay to present a convincing case. This approach helps in building a robust argumentative essay that stands up to scrutiny.

Addressing Counterarguments

Addressing counterarguments is a critical aspect of argumentative writing. This demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening the main argument. Recognizing and addressing counterarguments shows that the writer is prepared to defend their position comprehensively.

Researching the beliefs and strongest points of the opposing side before writing the essay is an effective strategy. This allows for a well-rounded understanding and enables the writer to dismantle counterclaims strategically. For instance, presenting evidence that refutes a common counterargument can strengthen the writer's position.

The Aristotelian approach emphasizes establishing credibility and thoroughly addressing counterarguments to support the main argument. By presenting an overview of the counterargument, stating the thesis, and then dismantling the counterargument, writers can effectively address opposing perspectives and reinforce their own arguments.

Structuring Your Argumentative Essay

Structuring an argumentative essay involves organizing it in a way that effectively builds the argument with clarity and coherence. A typical structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, counterarguments, and a conclusion. This format ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Writing an Engaging Introduction

An engaging introduction sets the tone for the entire essay. It should start with a hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a startling statement, a quote, a question, or an anecdote. Following the hook, a clear thesis statement should be presented to establish the main argument.

For example, a compelling question like "Have you ever considered how prevention could be more effective than treatment in eradicating diseases?" immediately engages readers and leads them to the thesis statement. This approach ensures that readers are drawn into the argument right from the beginning.

Developing Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on a distinct point supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Starting with a focused topic sentence that connects to the overall thesis helps maintain coherence. For instance, a body paragraph could begin with: "One major advantage of focusing on prevention is the reduction in healthcare costs."

The paragraph should then provide evidence and logical reasoning to support this point. By structuring body paragraphs this way, writers can build a strong and persuasive argument that is easy for readers to follow.

Concluding Effectively

A strong conclusion reinforces the main argument and leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Using transitional phrases helps guide readers smoothly to the conclusion, maintaining logical flow. For example, phrases like "In conclusion" or "Ultimately" signal that the reader has reached the final part of the essay.

The conclusion should restate the thesis, summarize key points, and suggest implications or actions stemming from the discussion. This approach encourages readers to reflect on the argument and consider its broader impact.

The Writing Process for Argumentative Essays

The writing process for writing an argumentative essay involves several stages, from brainstorming and research to drafting and revising. Each stage plays a crucial role in developing a well-structured and persuasive essay, and following argumentative essay writing tips can enhance this process. Additionally, knowing how to write argumentative essays can further improve your skills.

Brainstorming and Research

Effective brainstorming is the first step in the writing process. Selecting a controversial topic is crucial for generating ideas and engaging readers. Methods like mind mapping or conducting a quick brain dump can help organize thoughts and identify key points.

Thorough research is essential for gathering credible evidence. Utilizing academic journals and reputable websites ensures that the information is accurate and reliable. Seeking feedback from peers can also provide valuable insights and enhance the quality of the final essay.

Drafting Your Essay

The drafting phase focuses on expressing ideas freely without the pressure of perfection. This stage allows for creativity in argumentation and the free flow of thoughts, which can later be refined. The researchers should begin writing their ideas down on paper, knowing that multiple drafts will help improve clarity and strengthen arguments.

This approach ensures that the essay develops naturally and effectively.

Revising and Proofreading

Revising and proofreading are critical steps in the essay writing process. Multiple drafts are essential for refining arguments and improving overall clarity. Constructive criticism from peers can significantly enhance the quality of an argumentative essay during the revision process.

Grammar and style tools like Grammarly help writers maintain accuracy and enhance their essays' overall style. These tools provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers enhance sentence structure and clarity instantly.

Advanced Argumentative Essay Structures

Advanced argumentative essay structures can further enhance the persuasiveness of your arguments. Understanding different methods, such as the Aristotelian, Toulmin, and Rogerian approaches, can help tailor your essay to the specific needs of your topic and audience.

Aristotelian Method

The Aristotelian method emphasizes logical reasoning and evidence to build a strong argument. This approach begins by presenting the problem, followed by the writer's perspective, and addressing counterarguments.

A strong aspect of this method is the effective refutation of counterarguments, which enhances the overall strength of the argument. By clearly articulating their viewpoint and aligning it with the presented argument, writers can create a compelling case.

Toulmin Method

The Toulmin method breaks down arguments into six components:

This method emphasizes the importance of providing a solid warrant that connects evidence to the claim. By structuring arguments this way, writers can ensure clarity and logical coherence.

The claim must assert a position that is debatable rather than merely descriptive, making the argument more compelling.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian method focuses on understanding and respecting different perspectives within an argument. Finding common ground is a critical feature of this method, promoting negotiation and compromise. This approach is designed to foster cooperation by acknowledging clashing viewpoints and seeking mutual understanding.

It highlights the necessity of validating opposing viewpoints before presenting your own.

Effective Strategies for Argumentative Writing

Implementing effective strategies can significantly enhance the clarity and persuasion of your argumentative essays. Understanding different methods and techniques can help tailor your writing to be more impactful.

Using Persuasive Language

The Aristotelian approach is built around establishing ethos, pathos, and logos to strengthen arguments. Using emotionally charged anecdotes and emotive language can create a stronger connection with the reader, making arguments more relatable and compelling.

The choice of words and tone can greatly influence the effectiveness of your argument, ensuring it resonates with the audience. Employing persuasive language helps in capturing the reader's attention and influencing them to accept your viewpoint.

Ensuring Logical Flow

Ensuring coherence is crucial in an argumentative essay as it allows the reader to follow the logic and flow of the argument logically. Clear transitions between paragraphs help maintain logical flow and guide the reader through the essay.

Addressing opposing viewpoints strengthens an argument rather than undermining it, as it demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This approach ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Utilizing Grammar and Style Tools

Incorporating grammar and style tools can significantly enhance the clarity and coherence of argumentative writing. Tools like Grammarly provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers eliminate errors and improve sentence structure and clarity instantly. These tools allow writers to focus on their arguments without being distracted by language errors.

Regular use of style guides and grammar tools aids writers in maintaining a formal tone and adherence to academic standards. These tools provide valuable feedback, enabling writers to improve their writing skills over time.

Engaging with interactive grammar tools can also make the learning process more enjoyable and effective.

In summary, writing an effective argumentative essay involves understanding the fundamentals, crafting a strong thesis statement, gathering and presenting supporting evidence, addressing counterarguments, and using advanced structures and strategies.

Each element plays a vital role in building a compelling argument that persuades readers and withstands scrutiny. The essay writing process, from brainstorming to revising, ensures that each argument is well-thought-out and clearly presented.

By mastering these skills, you can craft argumentative essays that not only persuade but also engage and inform your readers. Remember, the goal is to present a clear and logical argument supported by credible evidence, all while acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints. With practice and the right tools, you can excel in argumentative writing and ensure your essays make a lasting impact.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary purpose of an argumentative essay.

The primary purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's perspective on a debatable issue by employing logical reasoning and credible evidence. This approach aims to effectively communicate and defend the chosen stance.

How can I craft a strong thesis statement?

To craft a strong thesis statement, ensure it clearly articulates a specific and debatable position that can be supported with arguments and evidence, typically placing it as the final sentence of your introduction paragraph. This clarity will guide your writing and engage your readers effectively.

Why is it important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay?

It is important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay because it demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening your main argument and showcasing your preparedness to defend your position comprehensively.

What are some effective strategies for gathering supporting evidence?

To gather effective supporting evidence, conduct extensive research using reputable sources such as academic journals and credible websites. This approach significantly enhances the credibility of your argument.

How can grammar and style tools improve my argumentative essay?

Utilizing grammar and style tools can significantly enhance your argumentative essay by correcting errors and improving clarity and sentence structure. This allows you to concentrate on developing your arguments more effectively.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts

Argumentative Essays

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What is an argumentative essay?

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Please note : Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.

Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.

The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following.

• A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.

In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important ( exigence ) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.

• Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.

• Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis ( warrant ).

However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.

• Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the student’s job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but rather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.

• A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.

A complete argument

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

The five-paragraph essay

A common method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays. If it sounds straightforward, that is because it is; in fact, the method consists of (a) an introductory paragraph (b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views and (c) a conclusion.

Longer argumentative essays

Complex issues and detailed research call for complex and detailed essays. Argumentative essays discussing a number of research sources or empirical research will most certainly be longer than five paragraphs. Authors may have to discuss the context surrounding the topic, sources of information and their credibility, as well as a number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay. Many of these factors will be determined by the assignment.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay: A Step-By-Step Guide

Learn how to write an argumentative essay. Follow our guide to craft strong arguments, support your views with evidence, and persuade your readers.

Writing an argumentative essay allows you to present your opinion on a subject and support it with reasoned arguments and evidence. In this guide, we’ll walk you through each step of the process, helping you develop a well-structured, persuasive argumentative essay.

What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a type of writing where you take a position on a specific issue or topic and use evidence and reasoning to convince the reader of your viewpoint. It requires presenting well-structured arguments and addressing opposing views to strengthen your position.

The goal is not only to inform but also to persuade the reader to agree with your viewpoint or see things from your perspective by supporting your claims with reliable facts, examples, and logical reasoning. This kind of essay encourages critical thinking, clear expression, and careful research to make a compelling case.

Types of Argumentative Essays

There are a few main types of argumentative essays. Knowing which one suits your topic best can make your argument stronger.

1. Classical Argument

A classical argumentative essay follows a traditional structure, grounded in the principles of classical rhetoric. It aims to persuade readers through logical reasoning, evidence, and well-organized arguments, presenting a clear stance on a topic.

• Structure : Introduction, narration (background), confirmation (arguments), refutation, and conclusion.
• Purpose : Present straightforward arguments to persuade the reader.

The classical structure is effective because it organizes arguments logically, guiding the reader through your reasoning process. It also strengthens your credibility by demonstrating consideration of alternative views and showing respect for the reader’s own critical thinking.

2. Rogerian Argument

A Rogerian argumentative essay takes a collaborative approach to argumentation, focusing on finding common ground rather than winning over the other side.

Developed from the ideas of psychologist Carl Rogers, this essay style emphasizes empathy and understanding between opposing viewpoints.

In a Rogerian essay, you begin by acknowledging the strengths of the opposing perspective, demonstrating respect for differing opinions. Then, you carefully present your position, showing how both viewpoints might coexist or complement each other.

• Structure : Introduction, exploration of opposing views, your position, and finding common ground.
• Purpose : Acknowledge opposing views and promote compromise, making it ideal for contentious issues.

This approach aims to reduce conflict, fostering compromise or mutual understanding between writer and reader.

3. Toulmin Argument

A Toulmin argumentative essay is a structured approach to presenting an argument, developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin. It breaks down an argument into specific components to build a logical and persuasive case.

• Structure : Claim (thesis), grounds (evidence), warrant (connection between claim and evidence), backing, rebuttal, and qualifier.
• Purpose : Break down complex arguments into smaller parts, ideal for nuanced topics with strong counterarguments.

The Toulmin model helps you create a clear, rational argument that considers opposing perspectives while firmly supporting your position.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you craft a persuasive and well-structured argumentative essay. Follow these steps to present your position effectively, build strong evidence, and guide readers through a logical, compelling argument.

1. Understand the Purpose of an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay is not just about sharing opinions. The goal is to present a claim, support it with evidence, and persuade readers to see your perspective. Unlike opinion pieces, argumentative essays rely on credible evidence and a clear structure to present both sides of the issue while defending your viewpoint.

Why It’s Important

The argumentative essay sharpens your analytical skills. You’ll learn to evaluate sources, structure information logically, and write persuasively—essential skills in both academics and real-world scenarios.

Key Characteristics

• A Clear Thesis : Summarizes your position on the topic, often in a single sentence.
• Evidence-Based Support : Relies on facts, statistics, and expert opinions rather than assumptions or emotions.
• Counterargument Acknowledgment : Strengthens your position by showing awareness of opposing views.

2. Choose a Strong, Debatable Topic

A strong topic is essential to any argumentative essay. Choose one that you’re passionate about and that has room for debate. Avoid broad topics; instead, focus on a specific aspect to make your essay manageable.

Tips for Choosing a Topic

• Interest and Knowledge : A topic you’re curious about will make the writing process more engaging.
• Relevance : Current events and trending issues can make your essay feel timely and relevant.
• Debatability : Ensure there’s a legitimate argument on both sides of the issue.

Example Topics

Here are a few examples of suitable topics:

• Should college education be free for all?
• Do social media platforms encourage unhealthy behaviors?
• Are standardized tests an effective measure of student success?

These topics are relevant, open to debate, and narrow enough to explore in a single essay.

3. Conduct Thorough Research

Effective research is the foundation of a convincing argumentative essay. Gather information from reliable sources to support your points, and examine opposing views for a well-rounded perspective.

Research Tips

• Focus on Credible Sources : Use academic journals, government publications, and reputable news sources. Avoid biased sources.
• Document Key Points : Take notes on quotes, statistics, and insights that support your argument, as well as details from opposing viewpoints.
• Consider Counterarguments : Knowing opposing views helps you address and refute them convincingly.

Helpful Research Tools

• Google Scholar for academic articles.
• JSTOR and PubMed for peer-reviewed sources.
• Library Databases for credible research.

Exploring counterarguments in-depth helps solidify your understanding of the topic and prepares you to address challenges to your position.

4. Develop a Strong Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement is the backbone of your essay, clearly presenting your argument in a single, concise sentence. It should convey your stance and hint at the structure of your essay.

Crafting Your Thesis

A strong thesis is specific, arguable, and evidence-backed. Avoid vague language or overly general statements.

Examples of Thesis Statements

• Weak Thesis : “Pollution is bad for the environment.”
• Strong Thesis : “Stricter emission regulations for factories are necessary to reduce pollution and protect public health.”

The strong thesis provides a clear position and can be supported with evidence, whereas the weak thesis is too broad.

Here are a few more examples of effective thesis statements:

Effective Thesis Statements

• Direct Stance : “Animal testing should be banned because it is inhumane and unnecessary in modern medicine.”
• Complex Claim : “Although some argue that free healthcare may burden taxpayers, it ensures a healthier, more productive society.”
• Cause and Effect : “The rise in global temperatures directly results from increased carbon emissions, which must be regulated.”

5. Outline Your Essay Structure

An outline is a roadmap for your essay. It helps you organize your thoughts, keep your argument logical, and maintain a clear flow. Here’s a standard structure for an argumentative essay:

• Introduction : Hook, background, and thesis statement.
• Body Paragraphs : Each paragraph presents one supporting point, backed by evidence.
• Counterargument : Acknowledge the opposing view and refute it.
• Conclusion : Restate your thesis and summarize your main points.

Sample Outline

• Hook : Start with an interesting fact or question.
• Background : Brief overview of the topic.
• Thesis Statement : Your main claim in a single sentence.
• Each begins with a topic sentence.
• Evidence follows to support each point.
• Explanation clarifies how the evidence supports the thesis.
• Presents a common opposing view.
• Refutes it with evidence.
• Restates the thesis and reinforces the main argument.
• Leaves readers with a final thought or question.

An outline ensures that each point logically builds upon the previous one, creating a cohesive and convincing argument.

6. Write a Captivating Introduction

Your introduction should grab the reader’s attention and set the stage for your argument. Begin with a hook — a surprising fact, a compelling question, or a brief anecdote related to your topic.

Example Introduction

For an essay about social media’s impact, try this: “Is social media connecting us more deeply, or pushing us further apart? As platforms like Facebook and Instagram continue to grow, concerns about their effect on mental health have intensified. This essay will argue that social media negatively impacts well-being and relationships, urging users to approach it with caution.”

This introduction establishes interest, provides background, and presents a clear thesis.

7. Develop Clear, Evidence-Backed Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should center around a single supporting point. Start with a topic sentence, add evidence, and follow with an explanation. Use data, examples, and quotes from credible sources to make your argument more persuasive.

Structure of a Body Paragraph

• Topic Sentence : States the paragraph’s main idea.
• Evidence : Facts, statistics, or quotes supporting the point.
• Explanation : Explains how the evidence backs up your thesis.
• Transition : Lead smoothly into the next paragraph.

Example Structure

• Topic Sentence : “Renewable energy helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions.”
• Evidence : “Research shows that solar energy reduces emissions by up to 80% compared to fossil fuels (Green Energy Journal, 2022).”
• Explanation : “By reducing emissions, renewable energy sources help slow climate change and improve public health.”

Repeat this structure for each body paragraph.

Using specific evidence like statistics, expert quotes, and research studies strengthens your points and makes your argument more credible. It also enhances credibility and makes your argument more persuasive.

8. Address Counterarguments

Acknowledging counterarguments demonstrates that you’ve considered multiple perspectives and strengthens your position. Present the opposing view in a fair, respectful way, then refute it with evidence to reinforce your stance.

How to Address Counterarguments

• Introduce the Counterargument : Explain the opposing viewpoint fairly and objectively.
• Refute It : Use evidence to counter the argument.
• Explain Your Perspective : Reinforce your own position and show why it’s stronger.
• Counterargument : “Some argue that renewable energy is too costly for widespread adoption.”
• Refutation : “However, the long-term benefits outweigh the initial costs.”
• Reinforcement : “Investing in renewable energy is a practical step towards a sustainable future.”

Showing awareness of other views can enhance your essay’s persuasiveness by demonstrating a well-rounded argument.

9. Write a Persuasive Conclusion

Your conclusion should restate your thesis and summarize your main points without introducing new information. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression, so consider ending with a thought-provoking question, call to action, or compelling fact.

• Restate the Thesis : Reinforce your main argument without simply copying your thesis.
• Summarize Key Points : Briefly recap the main arguments from your body paragraphs.
• Closing Statement : Leave the reader with something to think about.

Example Conclusion

“Switching to renewable energy sources is essential for a sustainable future. Not only do these sources reduce pollution, but they also offer economic benefits that fossil fuels cannot match. By embracing renewable energy, we’re investing in a healthier, more prosperous world.”

A memorable conclusion reinforces your argument and encourages readers to reflect further.

10. Revise and Edit Your Essay

Revising is essential to ensure clarity and polish. Take time to read through your essay, check for logical flow, and correct grammar errors. Edit with a focus on strengthening arguments, improving clarity, and eliminating redundancy.

Editing Tips

• Read Aloud : Hearing your essay helps you spot awkward phrases and transitions.
• Use Editing Tools : Grammar checkers like Grammarly can help, but remember to review suggested edits critically.
• Take Breaks : Reviewing your work after a break can help you see it with fresh eyes.

Strong editing is the final touch that can make a good essay great.

11. Avoid Common Mistakes

Avoiding common pitfalls makes your essay clearer and more convincing. Certain mistakes can weaken your argument. Here are some to avoid:

• Overreliance on Emotion : Use evidence rather than emotional appeals.
• Ignoring Counterarguments : Failing to address other views weakens your argument.
• Weak Thesis : A vague thesis can make your essay less convincing.
• Overloading with Information : Stick to the strongest arguments and avoid excessive details.
• Failing to Edit : Ensure your essay is free from grammar and punctuation errors.

Additional Tips for Avoiding Mistakes

• Stay objective. Avoid language that could come across as biased or overly personal.
• Cite your sources. Proper citations build credibility and avoid plagiarism.
• Check transitions. Smooth transitions between paragraphs improve readability and flow.

12. Final Tips for Writing a Strong Argumentative Essay

Following these tips will help make your argumentative essay convincing and well-written.

A. Stay Focused and Concise

Avoid rambling. Keep each sentence relevant to your argument. Clear and direct language strengthens your essay.

B. Use a Formal Tone

An argumentative essay should be professional. Avoid slang or overly casual language. Use formal, clear, and concise language.

C. Use Transition Words

Transitions improve flow and guide readers through your essay. Words like “however,” “therefore,” and “for example” help make connections between ideas.

D. Edit and Proofread

Editing improves clarity and eliminates errors. Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes. Reading aloud can help you catch awkward phrasing.

E. Cite Your Sources

Cite sources properly to avoid plagiarism. Use a consistent citation style, like APA, MLA, or Chicago. This adds credibility and allows readers to verify your information.

F. Practice and Seek Feedback

Practicing improves your writing skills. Ask others to review your essay and give constructive feedback.

13. Checklist Before Submitting Your Essay

Before submitting, review this checklist:

• Does your essay have a clear thesis?
• Are your claims supported by evidence?
• Did you address counterarguments?
• Is each paragraph focused on a single point?
• Did you proofread for errors?

Argumentative Essay vs Persuasive Essay

An argumentative essay and a persuasive essay may appear similar because they both aim to convince the reader, but they differ in approach, tone, and structure. Here’s a breakdown to help you understand the differences:

Purpose and Approach

• Argumentative Essay : The primary goal is to present a well-reasoned argument based on evidence. You explore both sides of an issue, showing balanced consideration before firmly supporting one side with facts, research, and logical reasoning.
• Persuasive Essay : The focus is on persuading the reader to adopt your perspective. It’s more emotionally driven, often relying on personal opinions, emotional appeals, and less formal evidence.

Tone and Style

• Argumentative Essay : This essay maintains an objective tone. It’s more formal and analytical, prioritizing facts over feelings. You aim to logically sway readers, which can make the tone neutral or detached.
• Persuasive Essay : This essay often uses a personal, conversational tone. Persuasive writing may appeal to emotions and values to connect with readers and convince them to agree with you.

Evidence and Support

• Argumentative Essay : You rely on factual evidence, such as statistics, studies, and expert opinions. Your argument builds on objective, verifiable sources.
• Persuasive Essay : While evidence can be included, the emphasis is more on personal beliefs and appeals to the reader’s emotions. Persuasive essays may include anecdotes or subjective opinions.

Structure and Balance

• Argumentative Essay : You present both sides of the issue, giving fair attention to each perspective. Addressing counterarguments is a key component, which helps you strengthen your stance.
• Persuasive Essay : You focus mainly on your side of the argument, often dismissing or downplaying opposing views to emphasize your perspective.
• Argumentative Essay Topic : “Should social media platforms regulate fake news?” You would provide evidence for both sides before concluding with your own stance.
• Persuasive Essay Topic : “Why everyone should adopt a pet from a shelter” Here, you would aim to convince readers of the emotional and moral benefits of adopting animals.

When to Use Each

• Use an argumentative essay when discussing academic, scientific, or societal issues where balanced analysis is essential.
• Use a persuasive essay when writing for marketing, opinion columns, or when aiming to inspire action through a personal appeal.

In summary, both types aim to convince, but argumentative essays rely on logic and evidence, while persuasive essays focus more on personal conviction and emotional appeal.

Writing an argumentative essay develops valuable skills in research, critical thinking, and persuasive writing.

By understanding what an argumentative essay is and by following the steps in this article, you can create a structured, well-supported argument that leaves a lasting impression on readers.

Start with a strong topic, support your position with evidence, and address counterarguments thoughtfully. With practice, you’ll master the art of argumentative writing and become a persuasive communicator.

Founder of DoTEFL, James has been helping people teach English abroad and online since 2011.

He’s traveled to over 30 countries, lived in 3, and taught English in Chile and online. James is passionate about helping others fulfill their own dreams through teaching and traveling abroad.

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